Which of the following pump seal technologies is known for a lower up-front cost?

The choice of pump packing as the technology known for a lower up-front cost can be attributed to its simpler design and installation process. Pump packing consists of flexible fibrous material that is wrapped around the shaft of a pump, creating a seal that helps prevent fluid leaks. This basic and straightforward sealing method requires less complex materials and manufacturing processes compared to other sealing technologies.

In contrast, mechanical seals, diaphragm seals, and cold-weld seals typically involve more sophisticated designs that may have higher material and manufacturing costs, resulting in a higher initial investment. While pump packing may require more frequent maintenance and replacement than other sealing methods, its initial lower cost makes it an attractive option, especially for budget-conscious projects or less critical applications where leakage control is manageable.